Sometimes a
single picture portrays better than any detailed description or analysis the
spirit of the times. The photograph on the front cover of the Police
Review for the week ending 4 January 1974 is one. It is in grainy
monochrome. It shows a single policeman standing in an urban street while snow
is falling. As a ‘constable’ he held an office the origins of which went back to
Norman times, and curiously, despite receiving a salary from the relevant police
committee, as a Crown office holder he was not legally ‘employed’ by them. In
1974 it would almost inevitably have been a man, as ‘Women Police Constables’,
then a specific designation, would rarely have performed such general duties
despite possessing full powers as a constable. He is also white, there being
then very few serving visible minority ethnic officers. He is on point duty, a
task which had been widespread just a few years before but which by 1974 was
slowly diminishing with the increased use of traffic lights and other traffic
management features. It entailed an officer standing at a fixed point on a road
junction for many hours directing traffic using well understood hand signals. He
was essentially a human set of traffic lights. By the standards of the day he is
well-enough accoutred for the weather, wearing a heavy greatcoat buttoned to the
chin, a ridged coxcomb helmet, made of cork, chin strap down, waterproof
leggings, and white cuffs and gloves, the latter being a contemporary attempt at
enhancing visibility. He carries no obvious protection or armament. He looks
resigned and rather uncomfortable as a light dusting of snow, like icing sugar
on top of a Christmas pudding, settles on his helmet and shoulders. There are no
cars or other vehicles in shot, a consequence possibly of the camera angle or
because in January 1974 Britain was not only in the grip of a cold, depressing
winter but also of a destabilizing fuel crisis.
1-20 of 502 Results
Chapter
Chapter
In A History of Policing in England and Wales from 1974: A Turbulent Journey
Timothy Brain
Publication History:
- Published in print:
- 18 March 2010
- Published online:
- 23 August 2023
Chapter
Chapter
In A History of Policing in England and Wales from 1974: A Turbulent Journey
Timothy Brain
Publication History:
- Published in print:
- 18 March 2010
- Published online:
- 23 August 2023
By 1985 the
country had travelled far on its journey of profound economic, social, and
political change under Mrs Thatcher. Old industries were dying or dead;
individual and collective entrepreneurialism was valued as never before, even if
some of it looked like old-fashioned greed and get-rich-quick. The public
services themselves, especially health, education, local government, and
housing, bastions of a service-first ethos, found themselves subject to
reorganization and cultural change which either practically eliminated the
government’s direct provision of the service, as with housing, or subjected it
to the supposed rigours of private sector techniques. After the depths of the
1970s change was necessary, but the process was unpredictable and it produced
social, economic, and political losers as well as winners. The police found
themselves at the fulcrum of the inevitable tensions generated by such
fundamental change. The years since 1974 had been tough, but in 1985 it was
about to get a lot tougher.
Chapter
Chapter
In Blackstone’s Senior Investigating Officers’ Handbook
Tony Cook
Publication History:
- Published in print:
- 14 February 2023
- Published online:
- 23 August 2023
This chapter examines the abuse and exploitation of children and vulnerable persons. Exploitation usually occurs when a person provides something to the greater benefit and advantage of another. Fraud, coercion, and undue control or threats or acts of violence can be used as means of gaining compliance. One example is where a criminal gang coerces a child into joining their group to sexually abuse them or for others to do so; or to use them to distribute illegal substances or weapons such as drugs, knives, and firearms. Parents can also exploit their own children by trafficking them or advertising them on ‘Adult Services Websites’ (ASWs) or dating websites. Some victims (including vulnerable adults) are also trafficked into or within countries for the purpose of sexual exploitation, servitude, or modern slavery and become involuntarily linked to criminality and criminal gang networks. The chapter then looks at Operation Hydrant, as well as the emergence of online child sexual abuse.
Chapter
Chapter
In Blackstone's Police Manual Volume 1: Crime 2023
Paul Connor
Publication History:
- Published in print:
- 19 August 2022
- Published online:
- 13 October 2022
Chapter
Paul Connor
Chapter
In Blackstone's Police Investigators Manual 2023
Paul Connor, Andrew Cox, Glenn Hutton, David Johnston, Elliot Gold, and Sarah Parry-Davies
Publication History:
- Published in print:
- 18 November 2022
- Published online:
- 21 November 2022
Chapter
Chapter
In Blackstone's Police Manual Volume 1: Crime 2024
Paul Connor
Publication History:
- Published in print:
- 11 August 2023
- Published online:
- 14 August 2023
Chapter
Paul Connor
Chapter
In Blackstone's Police Investigators Manual 2023
Paul Connor, Andrew Cox, Glenn Hutton, David Johnston, Elliot Gold, and Sarah Parry-Davies
Publication History:
- Published in print:
- 18 November 2022
- Published online:
- 21 November 2022
Chapter
Arvind Panagariya
Chapter
In Blackstone’s Police Operational Handbook
Paul Ozin
Publication History:
- Published in print:
- 10 November 2022
- Published online:
- 23 August 2023
This chapter explores offences relating to alcohol and licensing. The sale and supply of alcohol is regulated by the Licensing Act 2003, which creates several offences relating to children, young people, alcohol, drunkenness, and disorderly conduct. The legislation also includes a variety of offences relating to alcohol and powers to enter/close licensed premises/clubs and allows test purchases. The chapter details the alcohol restriction dedicated to protecting the order of public spaces. Additionally, the Confiscation of Alcohol (Young Persons) Act 1997 allows the police to confiscate alcohol from people under 18 years in certain public places, while the Policing and Crime Act 2009 makes it an offence for a person under 18 to persistently possess alcohol in a public place.
Chapter
Chapter
In Blackstone’s Handbook for Policing Students
Edited by Dominic Wood, Sarah Bradshaw, Tara Dickens, Julian Parker-McLeod, Francis Simpson, and Graham Weaver
Publication History:
- Published in print:
- 10 April 2022
- Published online:
- 23 August 2023
This chapter covers the application of the law surrounding incidents that involve alcohol, drugs, and substance use. It cites that the health and safety of all persons present must be considered due to the potential for injury. Moreover, the Police Constable Degree Apprenticeship (PCDA), the Degree Holder Entry Programme (DHEP), and pre-join programmes often also provide an introduction to the wider issues surrounding alcohol and other forms of drug and substance use. The chapter mentions how alcohol is also a problem for a significant minority of young people. Meanwhile, drug legislation has been carefully worded so that it would prosecute users and people involved in the drug supply.
Chapter
Chapter
In Card and English on Police Law
Richard Card
Publication History:
- Published in print:
- 14 July 2022
- Published online:
- 23 August 2023
This chapter explores the Animal Welfare Act 2006 (AWA 2006), which seeks to prevent animal cruelty and promote animal welfare. It explains that AWA 2006 is concerned with a person responsible for or in charge of an animal on a permanent or a temporary basis. It also emphasizes that a person who owns an animal is always regarded as being a person who is responsible for that animal. The chapter outlines offences under s 4(1) of AWA 2006, which includes an act or failure to act that causes an animal to suffer or ownership of a protected animal. It defines a protected animal as those that are commonly domesticated in the British Islands and are not living in a wild state.
Chapter
Paul Connor
Chapter
In Blackstone's Police Investigators Workbook 2023
Paul Connor, Andrew Cox, Glenn Hutton, David Johnston, Elliot Gold, and Sarah Parry-Davies
Publication History:
- Published in print:
- 18 November 2022
- Published online:
- 21 November 2022
Chapter
Chapter
In Blackstone's Counter-Terrorism Handbook
Christiane Rabenstein and Marnie Ratcliffe
Edited by Clive Walker
Publication History:
- Published in print:
- 19 November 2019
- Published online:
- 23 August 2023
This chapter examines specific provisions for the arrest and detention of terrorist suspects, which exist to ensure the particular risks associated with those persons can be dealt with appropriately. It highlights Section 41 of and Schedule 8 to the Terrorism Act 2000 (TACT) which contains provisions for the arrest and detention of suspected terrorists. It also cites the Police and Criminal Evidence (PACE) Act 1984 Code of Practice H that covers the detention, treatment, and questioning by police officers of persons arrested under section 41 of TACT. The chapter explains that Section 41 of TACT creates a power to arrest those suspected to be terrorists, eliminating the need to satisfy the usual necessity test, although a police officer must have reasonable suspicion that the person is a terrorist. It emphasizes that a constable may arrest without a warrant a person whom he reasonably suspects to be a terrorist.
Chapter
Chapter
In PACE: A Practical guide to the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
Paul Ozin and Heather Norton
Publication History:
- Published in print:
- 26 March 2019
- Published online:
- 23 August 2023
This chapter highlights Part III of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984, which outlines powers and duties in relation to arrest. It discusses arrest without warrant by constables and other persons, information to be given on arrest, and powers and procedures with respect to persons arrested elsewhere than at a police station. It also reviews provisions on the bail of persons arrested elsewhere than at a police station and the arrest of persons at police stations, attending voluntarily or by arrest for further offence. The chapter explores the power and duty of the search of persons and search and entry of premises upon arrest at a place other than a police station. It mentions the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (SOCPA), which splits the general power of arrest into two sections: arrests effected by constables and arrests effected by other persons.
Chapter
Paul Connor
Chapter
In Blackstone's Police Investigators Manual 2023
Paul Connor, Andrew Cox, Glenn Hutton, David Johnston, Elliot Gold, and Sarah Parry-Davies
Publication History:
- Published in print:
- 18 November 2022
- Published online:
- 21 November 2022
Chapter
Arvind Panagariya
Chapter
In Blackstone’s Police Operational Handbook
Paul Ozin
Publication History:
- Published in print:
- 10 November 2022
- Published online:
- 23 August 2023
This chapter focuses on how police can address assaults and violence. It considers the offences addressed in the Criminal Justice Act 1988, the Child Abduction Act 1984, and the Offences Against the Person Act 1861. Assault typically divides between grievous bodily harm, assault with intent to resist arrest, and common assault battery. Moreover, the Offences Against the Person Act 1861 includes provisions on the offence of threats to kill, which include the intent to cause fear alongside the threat to kill without lawful excuse. Officers should be familiar with the Child Abduction Act 1984 to deal with cases of violent domestic incidents, sexual offences, or where people are taken against their will.
Chapter
Chapter
In Blackstone's Police Investigators Manual 2023
Paul Connor, Andrew Cox, Glenn Hutton, David Johnston, Elliot Gold, and Sarah Parry-Davies
Publication History:
- Published in print:
- 18 November 2022
- Published online:
- 21 November 2022
Chapter
Chapter
In Blackstone’s Handbook for Policing Students
Edited by Dominic Wood, Sarah Bradshaw, Tara Dickens, Julian Parker-McLeod, Francis Simpson, and Graham Weaver
Publication History:
- Published in print:
- 10 April 2022
- Published online:
- 23 August 2023
This chapter considers the legislation designed to handle incidents of suspects assisting crime or conspiracy. It cites that offenders will be prosecuted for attempting to commit the full offence or for conspiracy despite stopping short of committing indictable offences. Moreover, accomplices who encourage or assist in the enactment of a crime from a distance are also considered for prosecution. The rationale for creating the inchoate offences of conspiracy, attempts, and incitement is based on the notion that the perpetrator is no less dangerous or culpable than a person who might commit the full or substantive offence. The chapter mentions the possible defences against a claim of encouraging or assisting offences.
Chapter
Chapter
In Blackstone’s Handbook for Policing Students
Edited by Dominic Wood, Sarah Bradshaw, Tara Dickens, Julian Parker-McLeod, Francis Simpson, and Graham Weaver
Publication History:
- Published in print:
- 10 April 2022
- Published online:
- 23 August 2023
This chapter discusses the general procedures to be followed when attending incidents, including crime scenes. The police attend volume crime scenes and minor incidents more often than major crime scenes like murder or rape. However, the principles of attending a volume crime scene are no different to those employed when attending the scene of a serious crime. The scene of an incident normally requires a police officer to make a judgement about the scale and type of response required so that the appropriate help and support are made available. The chapter notes the protocols to be followed if crimes involved deaths, fires, and railway incidents.
Chapter
Chapter
In Covert Investigation
Clive Harfield and Karen Harfield
Publication History:
- Published in print:
- 12 September 2018
- Published online:
- 23 August 2023
This chapter talks about covert investigation subject to RIPA2000, IPA2016, and PA97, which must be authorized before the use of covert methods commences. It considers the role of the authorizing officer as the most important role within the overall management and governance of lawful covert investigation. It also describes the authorizing officer, who assesses and documents the statutory determinations of proportionality and necessity. The chapter covers governance architecture, which is multi-faceted, has oversight in the form of the Investigatory Powers Commissioner, and is an independent Investigatory Powers Tribunal adjudicating allegations of misuse. It highlights the general and generic issues concerning authorization as a mechanism.
Chapter
Chapter
In Blackstone's Handbook of Ports and Border Security
Police National Legal Database (PNLD) and Andrew Staniforth
Edited by Clive Walker and Stuart Osborne QPM
Publication History:
- Published in print:
- 14 February 2013
- Published online:
- 23 August 2023
This chapter begins by detailing the Aviation Security Act 1982, Section 1 of which covers the offence of hijacking an aircraft in flight. Section 2 of the Aviation Security Act 1982 is about the offences of unlawfully destroying or damaging aircraft in flight or in service and unlawfully and intentionally placing or causing to be placed on an aircraft in service or in flight any device or substance likely to destroy the aircraft or endanger its safety. The Aviation Security Act 1982 also provides powers to constables to arrest any person without warrant to prevent them from boarding an aircraft or remove themn from an aircraft if they suspect that person intends to commit any offence under sections 1 to 6. Moreover, it provides the offences of possession of dangerous article in aircraft/airport; making false statements; and unauthorized presence. The chapter then looks at the Air Navigation Order 2009; the Aviation and Maritime Security Act 1990; the Civil Aviation Act 1982; the Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006; and the Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003.
